Chanukah celebrates the miracle of the Hasmonean victory over the Syrian Greeks.  What is forgotten is that their dynasty did not last.  Why not?   

Ramban suggests that the disintegration of Hasmonean rule was due to their usurping too much power. (See Kiddushin 66a)   By birth, the Hasmoneans came from the tribe of Levi, and could become priests.  In the end, however, Judah Aristobulus, the grandson of Judah Maccabee assumed a second role; that of king.  Here the Hasmoneans overstepped their bounds as kingship is confined to the tribe of Judah.  (Genesis 49:10)  

There is much logic to the idea that priest and king remain separate.  Kingship deals with the politics of running the state, taking into account aspects of civil administration and international relations.  Priesthood on the other hand, focuses on spirituality; on how to connect to God.   Of course, the teachings of the priest give shape and direction to the state.  Still, it can be suggested that kingship and priesthood should remain apart, in order to separate religion and politics.  

The distinct responsibility of king and priest is part of a larger system of Jewish checks and balances.  The prophet for example, served as the teacher of ethical consciousness rooted in God’s word; and the Sanhedrin was the judicial/legislative branch of government.  

Not coincidentally, in the same week in which we begin celebrating Chanukah, we begin reading the Biblical narrative of Yosef (Joseph) and his brothers.  Yosef dreams that he will rule over the family.  Yehuda (Judah) leads the brothers in removing this threat by selling Yosef. In this sense, each seek to become the sole heir of Yaacov (Jacob). (See Sforno, Genesis 37:18)  

Indeed, up to this point in the book of Genesis, the Torah deals with the message of choice—that is, individuals were picked and others were excluded.  For example, of the children of Adam, only Seth, from whom Noah came, survived.  Of the children of Noah, Shem is singled out, as Avraham (Abraham) the first patriarch, comes from him. Yitzhak (Isaac) is chosen over Yishmael (Ishmael), and it is Yaacov, and not Esav, (Esau) who continued the covenantal mission.   

The Joseph story breaks this pattern in that, in the end, all of Yaacov’s children were included.  No wonder, Yosef and Yehuda and for that matter, all of the brothers are blessed by Yaacov.  Indeed, their descendents form the tribes of Israel, each included in the community of Israel while having distinct roles to fulfill.  

One of the challenges of Chanukah is to learn from the mistake made by the Hasmoneans; to understand that attempts to usurp the roles of others are counter productive.  Crucial to the continuity of Judaism is for each of us to make space for the other and recognize the respective roles every individual plays-as reflected by Yaacov's sons and ultimately the tribes of Israel.

Shabbat Shalom,

Rabbi Avi Weiss