The Talmud states that the source of prayer is the biblical phrase: "And you shall serve Him with all your heart."  (Deuteronomy 11:13) Service is usually associated with action.  One can serve with his or her hands or feet but how does one serve with the heart?  The Talmud concludes that service of the heart refers to prayer.  (Ta’anit 2a)
 
Interestingly, Maimonides quotes a slightly different text from this week’s portion as the source of prayer.  He states that “It is an affirmative commandment to pray every day as it says ‘and you shall serve the Lord your God.’” (Exodus 23:25) (Rambam: Laws of Prayer 1:1).  What is the conceptual difference between using this source as the basis for prayer and using the text quoted in the Talmud?
 
Rabbi Yosef Caro suggests that the verse from Deuteronomy cited by the Talmud may be understood as simply offering good advice rather than requiring daily prayer.  It may alternatively refer to the service of learning Torah.  The text in Exodus, however, deals clearly with prayer.  (Kesef Mishneh on Rambam, ibid)
 
Another distinction comes to mind.  Rabbi Shlomo Riskin notes that the text quoted by Maimonides is found in the context of sentences that deal with liberating the land of Israel.  It is possible that Maimonides quotes this text to underscore the crucial connection between prayer and action.  Prayer on its own is simply not enough.
 
It can be added that the Talmudic text quoted as the source for prayer may be a wonderful complement to the text quoted by Rambam.  Remember the sentence quoted in the Talmud states and you shall serve your God “With ALL your heart.”  Note the word all. In other words, while one should engage in action, prayer has an important place.  Even in a life full of action, the prayer that one must find time for, must be with one’s entire, full and complete devotion.  It may be true that quantitatively, prayer may have to be limited, but qualitatively it must be deep and meaningful.
 
The balance between action and prayer is spelled out in the Midrash when talking about Ya’akov (Jacob).  The Midrash insists that when Ya’akov prepares to meet Esav (Esau) he prays deeply.  Yet, at the same time, he is fully active by preparing for any outcome of this most unpredictable family reunion.  The balance between prayer and action comes to the fore.  (See Rashi Genesis 32:9)
 
More than ever, we need to internalize the integral connection of productive action with deep prayer.  In that way we could truly serve God with all our heart.

Shabbat Shalom,

Rabbi Avi Weiss